This report, examines the environmental and social impacts of coal from exploration, extraction, transportation and use. Methods such as the Human Capital Approach and Willingness to Pay are used in this report to comprehensively calculate the external costs of coal. When the environmental costs of coal are considered, along with the impact of price distortion caused by current regulations, the total external costs of coal reached RMB 1745 billion in 2007, equal to 7.1 per cent of China’s GDP for the same year. 
TCOC-Final-EN
External link
